Portuguese, Castilians, Spaniards, Brazilians, Dutch, Batavians... during the period 1580 to 1640, the peak of Spanish territorial rule, there were many different expressions of identity. In a "composite monarchy" made up of immense territories that brought together under the same crown vassals from the "four parts of the world", the different "social groups" (identified by such diverse factors as family, religion, neighbourhood, college, country, vassalage, etc., etc.) gradually formed their own identity, which came to the fore at critical moments such as military confrontations, tax revolts, or rivalries for pre-eminence or for the preservation or extension of privileges. In the Capitulations of Tomar of 1581, we can already see that the Portuguese estates forced the Spanish monarch to respect many of these Portuguese "marks of identity", issues that over the years gave rise to lines of friction and rupture that would finally lead to the restorationist moment of 1640. BRASILHIS Database gathers in this section many of these "identity marks" with the aim of exploring the beginnings of what, over time, would come to make up the contemporary nations, always bearing in mind that expressions such as "nation", "nature", "origin", had a very different meaning at the time than they do today.